References

1

This is an updated version of a talk which appeared in the Proceedings of Beyond the Standard Model IV, Lake Tahoe, December 1994.

2

H. Hata et al., Ohio State OSU-TA-6/95.

3

H. Hata et al., Ohio State OSU-TA-12/94.

4

Report of the DPF Long Range Study: Neutrino Mass Working Group, P. Langacker, R. Rameika, and H. Robertson, conveners, Feb. 1995.

5

For detailed reviews, see G. Gelmini and E. Roulet, UCLA/94/TEP/36; P. Langacker in Testing The Standard Model, ed. M. Cvetic and P. Langacker (World, Singapore, 1991) p. 863; B. Kayser, F. Gibrat-Debu, and F. Perrier, The Physics of Massive Neutrinos, (World Scientific, Singapore, 1989).

6

G. B. Gelmini and M. Roncadelli, Phys. Lett. 99B, 411 (1981); H. Georgi et al., Nucl. Phys. B193, 297 (1983).

7

M. Gell-Mann, P. Ramond, and R. Slansky, in Supergravity, ed. F. van Nieuwenhuizen and D. Freedman, (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1979) p. 315; T. Yanagida, Proc. of the Workshop on Unified Theory and the Baryon Number of the Universe, KEK, Japan, 1979; S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 1566 (1979).

8

R. N. Mohapatra and G. Senjanovic, Phys. Rev. D23, 165 (1981).

9

See S. A. Bludman, D. C. Kennedy, and P. Langacker, Nucl. Phys. B374, 373 (1992) and Phys. Rev. D45, 1810 (1992), and references therein.

10

A. Zee, Phys. Lett. 93B, 389 (1980); 161B, 141 (1985); Nucl. Phys. B264, 99 (1986). For later references, see [5].

11

Rev. Part. Prop., L. Montanet et al., Phys. Rev. D50, 1173 (1994).

12

ALEPH: D. Buskulic et al., Phys. Lett. B349, 585 (1995).

13

Heidelberg-Moscow: A. Balysh et al., hep-ex/9502007.

14

LSND: C. Athanassopoulos et al., LA-UR-95-1238.

15

J. Hill, Pennsylvania preprint hep-ex/9504009.

16

For a more detailed discussion, see P. Langacker, in 32nd International School of Subnuclear Physics, Erice, 1994, UPR-0640T (hep-ph-9411339), and [4]. Other recent reviews include R. S. Raghavan, Science 267, 45 (1995); V. Berezinsky, Comm. Nucl. Part. Phys. 21, 249 (1994).

17

Kamiokande II: K. S. Hirata et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 1297, 1301 (1990); 66, 9 (1991); Phys. Rev. D44, 2241 (1991). Kamiokande III: Y. Suzuki, in Neutrino 94, Eilat, Israel, May 1994.

18

Homestake: R. Davis, Jr. et al., in Proceedings of the 21th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Vol. 12, edited by R. J. Protheroe (University of Adelaide Press, Adelaide, 1990), p. 143; R. Davis, Jr., in Frontiers of Neutrino Astrophysics, edited by Y. Suzuki and K. Nakamura (Universal Academy Press, Tokyo, 1993), P. 47; K. Lande, in Neutrino 94, Eilat, Israel, May 1994.

19

SAGE: A. I. Abazov, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 3332 (1991); J. N. Abdurashitov et al., Phys. Lett. B328, 234 (1994); an updated value of was presented by J. Nico, ICHEP, Glasgow, July 1994.

20

GALLEX: P. Anselmann et al., Phys. Lett. B285, 376, 390 (1992); B314, 445 (1993); B327, 377 (1994).

21

P. Anselmann et al., Phys. Lett. B342, 440 (1995).

22

J. N. Bahcall, Neutrino Astrophysics, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989).

23

J. N. Bahcall and M. H. Pinsonneault, Rev. Mod. Phys. 64, 885 (1992).

24

S. Turck-Chièze and I. Lopes, Astrophys. J. 408, 347 (1993). S. Turck-Chièze, S. Cahen, M. Cassé, and C. Doom, Astrophys. J. 335, 415 (1988).

25

W. K. Kwong and S. P. Rosen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 369 (1994).

26

N. Hata, S. Bludman, and P. Langacker, Phys. Rev. D49, 3622 (1994).

27

N. Hata and P. Langacker, Phys. Rev. D52, 420 (1995).

28

J. Bahcall, Nucl. Phys. B38, (Proc. Supp) 98 (1995).

29

V. Castellani et al, ASTROPH-9405018; Astron. Astrophys. 271, 601 (1993); Astrophys. J 402, 574 (1993); Phys. Lett. B303, 68 (1993), B324, 425 (1994), B329, 525 (1994); Phys. Rev. D50, 4749 (1994).

30

S. Degl'Innocenti, and G. Fiorentini, and M. Lissia, INFNFE-10-94.

31

X. Shi and D. N. Schramm, Particle World 3, 109 (1994); X. Shi, D. N. Schramm, and D. Dearborn Phys. Rev. D50, 2414 (1994).

32

J. N. Bahcall, Phys. Rev. D44, 1644 (1991).

33

S. Bludman, D. Kennedy, and P. Langacker, Nucl. Phys. B374, 373 (1992). These results are updated in S. Bludman, N. Hata, D. Kennedy, and P. Langacker, Phys. Rev. D47, 2220 (1993) and in [27].

34

See [26,29].

35

T. Motobayashi et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 2680 (1994).

36

X. Shi, D. N. Schramm, and D. Dearborn, Phys. Rev. D50, 2414 (1994); V. Berezinsky, G. Fiorentini, and M. Lissia, Phys. Lett. B341, 38 (1994).

37

M. Spiro and D. Vignaud, Phys. Lett. B242, 279 (1990). V. Castellani et al., Astron. Astrophys. 271, 601 (1993).

38

J. N. Bahcall and R. N. Ulrich, Rev. Mod. Phys. 60, 297 (1988).

39

S. Parke, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 839 (1994).

40

For updated results, see
``http://dept.physics.upenn.edu/www/neutrino/solar.html''

41

L. Wolfenstein, Phys. Rev. D17, 2369 (1978); D20, 2634 (1979); S. P. Mikheyev and A. Yu. Smirnov, Yad. Fiz. 42, 1441 (1985) [Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 42, 913 (1986)]; Nuovo Cimento 9C, 17 (1986).

42

N. Hata and P. Langacker, Phys. Rev. D50, 632 (1994); S. Bludman, N. Hata, D. Kennedy, and P. Langacker, Phys. Rev. D47, 2220 (1993).

43

X. Shi, D. N. Schramm, and J. Bahcall, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 717 (1992).

44

J. M. Gelb, W. Kwong, and S. P. Rosen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 1864 (1992).

45

G. L. Fogli, E. Lisi, and D. Montanino, Phys. Rev. D49, 3626 (1994).

46

G. Fiorentini et al., Phys. Rev. D49, 6298 (1994).

47

P. I. Krastev and S. T. Petcov, SISSA-41-94-EP; Phys. Lett. B299, 99 (1993).

48

J. N. Bahcall and W. C. Haxton, Phys. Rev. D40, 931 (1989).

49

L. Krauss, E. Gates, and M. White, Phys. Lett. B299, 94 (1993).

50

V. Berezinsky, G. Fiorentini, and M. Lissia, Phys. Lett. B341, 38 (1994).

51

A. J. Baltz and J. Weneser, Phys. Rev. D35, 528 (1987), D37, 3364, (1988), D50, 5971 (1994); E. D. Carlson, Phys. Rev. D34, 1454 (1986); J. Bouchez, M. Cribier, W. Hampel, J. Rich, M. Spiro, and D. Vignaud, Z. Phys. C32, 499 (1986); M. Cribier, W. Hampel, J. Rich, and D. Vignaud, Phys. Lett. B182, 89 (1986); N. Hata and P. Langacker, Phys. Rev. D48, 2937 (1993).

52

Kamiokande: K. S. Hirata et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 9 (1991).

53

For reviews, see E. Kh. Akhmedov, HEPPH-9402297; W. Frati et al., Phys. Rev. D48, 1140 (1993); and [4].

54

See [4].

55

Y. Fukuda et al., Phys. Lett. B335, 237 (1994).

56

W.A. Mann, T. Kafka, and W. Leeson, Phys. Lett. B291, 200 (1992).

57

G. F. Smoot et al., Astrophys. J. 395, 3, 155-B5 (1992).

58

A. Klypin et al., Astrophys. J. 416, 1 (1993); M. Davis, F. Summers, and D. Schlegel, Nature 359, 393 (1992); D. Schlegel et al., Astrophys. J. 427, 512 (1994); Y. P. Jing et al., Astron. Astroph. 284, 703 (1994); R. Nolthenius, A. Klypin, and J. Primack, Astrophys. J. Lett 422, L45 (1994).

59

S. Bludman, Phys. Rev. D45, 4720 (1992).

60

J. Primack et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 2160 (1995). G. Raffelt and J. Silk, hep-ph/9502306.

61

See [58,60] and references theirin.

62

M. Cvetic and P. Langacker, Phys. Rev. D46, 2759 (1992).

63

K. S. Babu, J. C. Pati, and F. Wilczek, IASSNS 95/37.

64

D. Caldwell and R. Mohapatra, Phys. Rev. D50, 3477 (1994), D48, 3259 (1993).